Phonemic and Phonological
Awareness

Phonemic awareness instruction
is most effective when children are
taught to manipulate phonemes
by using letters of the alphabet.*

Systematic, Explicit Phonics

Systematic and explicit phonics
significantly improves children’s
word recognition, spelling, and
reading comprehension.

Vocabulary Development

OBJ149176392 16

Fluency and
Oral Reading Skills

Fluency in reading frees students
to understand what they read.
Constructing Meaning
from Text

(Reading
Comprehension Strategies)

Comprehension is the reason for
reading. It can be developed through
specific comprehension strategies.

5 Key components to learning to read in the Reading First Research

How Sing Spell Read and Write support this research.